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American author and screenwriter (1920–2012)

Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury in 1975

Bradbury in 1975
Built-in Ray Douglas Bradbury
(1920-08-22)August 22, 1920
Waukegan, Illinois, U.Southward.
Died June 5, 2012(2012-06-05) (aged 91)
Los Angeles, California, U.Due south.
Resting place Westwood Memorial Park, Westwood, Los Angeles
Occupation Writer
Education Los Angeles High School
Menstruation 1938–2012[1]
Genre
  • Fantasy
  • science fiction
  • horror fiction
  • mystery fiction
  • magic realism
Notable works
  • Fahrenheit 451
  • The Martian Chronicles
  • Something Wicked This Way Comes
  • The Illustrated Man
Notable awards
  • American University of Arts and Letters (1954)
  • Inkpot Laurels (1974)[2]
  • Daytime Emmy Award (1994)
  • National Medal of Arts (2004)
  • Pulitzer Prize Special Citation (2007)
Spouse

Marguerite McClure

​

​

(m. 1947; died 2003)​
Children 4
Signature
Website
www.raybradbury.com

Ray Douglas Bradbury (; Baronial 22, 1920 – June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. 1 of the most historic 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and realistic fiction.[3]

Bradbury was mainly known for his novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and his brusk-story collections The Martian Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951).[4] Most of his best known piece of work is speculative fiction, simply he likewise worked in other genres, such as the coming of historic period novel Dandelion Wine (1957) and the fictionalized memoir Dark-green Shadows, White Whale (1992). He also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television set scripts, including Moby Dick and Information technology Came from Outer Infinite. Many of his works were adjusted into tv and motion-picture show productions besides equally comic books.

The New York Times chosen Bradbury "the writer most responsible for bringing mod science fiction into the literary mainstream."[4]

Early life [edit]

Bradbury as a senior in high school, 1938

Bradbury was built-in on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois, to Esther (née Moberg) Bradbury (1888–1966), a Swedish immigrant, and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury (1890–1957), a power and telephone lineman of English ancestry.[5] [half-dozen] [7] [8] He was given the eye name "Douglas" after the thespian Douglas Fairbanks.

Bradbury was surrounded past an extended family during his early babyhood and formative years in Waukegan. An aunt read him short stories when he was a child.[nine] This flow provided foundations for both the writer and his stories. In Bradbury'due south works of fiction, 1920s Waukegan becomes "Light-green Town", Illinois.

The Bradbury family lived in Tucson, Arizona, during 1926–1927 and 1932–1933 while their father pursued employment, each time returning to Waukegan. While living in Tucson, Bradbury attended Amphi Junior High School and Roskruge Junior High School. They eventually settled in Los Angeles in 1934 when Bradbury was 14 years old. The family unit arrived with merely US$xl (equivalent to $810 in 2021), which paid for hire and nutrient until his father finally found a job making wire at a cablevision company for $14 a calendar week (equivalent to $284 in 2021). This meant that they could stay, and Bradbury, who was in love with Hollywood, was ecstatic.[ commendation needed ]

Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was active in the drama lodge. He oft roller-skated through Hollywood in hopes of meeting celebrities. Amidst the artistic and talented people Bradbury met were special-effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen and radio star George Burns. Bradbury's first pay every bit a writer, at age 14, was for a joke he sold to George Burns to utilise on the Burns and Allen radio evidence.[10] [11]

Influences [edit]

Literature [edit]

Throughout his youth, Bradbury was an avid reader and author and knew at a young age that he was "going into one of the arts."[12] [xiii] Bradbury began writing his own stories at age 12 (1931) —sometimes writing on butcher paper.[14]

In his youth, he spent much fourth dimension in the Carnegie Library in Waukegan, reading such authors as H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, and Edgar Allan Poe. At 12, Bradbury began writing traditional horror stories and said he tried to imitate Poe until he was about 18.[fifteen] In addition to comics, he loved the work of Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of Tarzan of the Apes, especially Burroughs' John Carter of Mars series. The Warlord of Mars impressed him so much that at the age of 12, he wrote his ain sequel.[xvi] [17] The young Bradbury was also a cartoonist and loved to illustrate. He wrote about Tarzan and drew his own Sunday panels. He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician, and every night when the testify went off the air, he would sit down and write the entire script from retention.[18]

As a teen in Beverly Hills, he often visited his mentor and friend science-fiction writer Bob Olsen, sharing ideas and maintaining contact. In 1936, at a secondhand bookstore in Hollywood, Bradbury discovered a handbill promoting meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society.[19] Excited to observe that others shared his involvement, Bradbury joined a weekly Thursday-night caucus at age 16.[xx]

Bradbury cited H. G. Wells and Jules Verne as his primary science-fiction influences. Bradbury identified with Verne, saying, "He believes the homo being is in a strange situation in a very strange earth, and he believes that we can triumph by behaving morally". [21] Bradbury admitted that he stopped reading science-fiction books in his 20s and embraced a broad field of literature that included poets Alexander Pope and John Donne.[22] Bradbury had just graduated from high schoolhouse when he met Robert Heinlein, then 31 years old. Bradbury recalled, "He was well known, and he wrote humanistic scientific discipline fiction, which influenced me to cartel to be human instead of mechanical."[22]

In young adulthood Bradbury read stories published in Phenomenal Scientific discipline Fiction, and read everything by Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, and the early writings of Theodore Sturgeon and A. E. van Vogt.

Hollywood [edit]

The family lived about four blocks from the Fox Uptown Theatre on Western Avenue in Los Angeles, the flagship theater for MGM and Fox. There, Bradbury learned how to sneak in and watched previews almost every week. He rollerskated there, likewise equally all over boondocks, as he put it, "hell-aptitude on getting autographs from glamorous stars. Information technology was glorious." Among stars the immature Bradbury was thrilled to run into were Norma Shearer, Laurel and Hardy, and Ronald Colman. Sometimes, he spent all twenty-four hour period in front of Paramount Pictures or Columbia Pictures and so skated to the Dark-brown Derby to watch the stars who came and went for meals. He recounted seeing Cary Grant, Marlene Dietrich, and Mae West, who, he learned, made a regular appearance every Friday nighttime, bodyguard in tow.[22]

Bradbury relates the following meeting (every bit an adult) with Sergei Bondarchuk, manager of Soviet epic moving-picture show series War and Peace, at a Hollywood award ceremony in Bondarchuk's honor:

They formed a long queue and every bit Bondarchuk was walking forth it he recognized several people: "Oh Mr. Ford, I similar your motion-picture show." He recognized the director, Greta Garbo, and someone else. I was standing at the very end of the queue and silently watched this. Bondarchuk shouted to me; "Ray Bradbury, is that y'all?" He rushed up to me, embraced me, dragged me inside, grabbed a bottle of Stolichnaya, sat down at his table where his closest friends were sitting. All the famous Hollywood directors in the queue were bewildered. They stared at me and asked each other "Who is this Bradbury?" And, swearing, they left, leaving me alone with Bondarchuk ...[23]

Career [edit]

Bradbury'southward "Undersea Guardians" was the cover story for the Dec 1944 outcome of Amazing Stories

Bradbury's first published story was "Hollerbochen'due south Dilemma", which appeared in the Jan 1938 number of Forrest J. Ackerman's fanzine Imagination!.[1] In July 1939, Ackerman and his girlfriend Morojo gave 19-year-one-time Bradbury the money to head to New York for the First Globe Science Fiction Convention in New York City, and funded Bradbury's fanzine, titled Futuria Fantasia.[24] Bradbury wrote well-nigh of its four issues, each express to nether 100 copies.[ commendation needed ] Between 1940 and 1947, he was a correspondent to Rob Wagner's film magazine, Script.[25]

Bradbury was free to start a career in writing when, owing to his bad eyesight, he was rejected for consecration into the military machine during World War Ii. Having been inspired past science-fiction heroes such every bit Wink Gordon and Buck Rogers, Bradbury began to publish science-fiction stories in fanzines in 1938. Bradbury was invited by Forrest J. Ackerman[ commendation needed ] to nourish the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society, which at the fourth dimension met at Clifton's Cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles. There he met the writers Robert A. Heinlein, Emil Petaja, Fredric Brown, Henry Kuttner, Leigh Brackett and Jack Williamson.[ citation needed ]

In 1939, Bradbury joined Laraine Solar day'due south Wilshire Players Guild, where for 2 years, he wrote and acted in several plays. They were, equally Bradbury after described, "then incredibly bad" that he gave up playwriting for ii decades.[26] Bradbury'south get-go paid piece, "Pendulum", written with Henry Hasse, was published in the pulp magazine Super Science Stories in November 1941, for which he earned $15.[27]

Bradbury sold his first solo story, "The Lake", for $13.75 at 22 and became a full-fourth dimension writer by 24.[22] His starting time collection of short stories, Dark Carnival, was published in 1947 past Arkham House, a pocket-size press in Sauk Metropolis, Wisconsin, endemic by author August Derleth. Reviewing Night Carnival for the New York Herald Tribune, Volition Cuppy proclaimed Bradbury "suitable for general consumption" and predicted that he would become a author of the caliber of British fantasy author John Collier.[28]

After a rejection detect from the pulp Weird Tales, Bradbury submitted "Homecoming" to Mademoiselle, which was spotted past a young editorial assistant named Truman Capote. Capote picked the Bradbury manuscript from a slush pile, which led to its publication. Homecoming won a place in the O. Henry Award Stories of 1947.[29]

In UCLA's Powell Library, in a study room with typewriters for rent, Bradbury wrote his classic story of a book burning future, The Fireman, which was about 25,000 words long. Information technology was later published at about l,000 words under the name Fahrenheit 451, for a total cost of $nine.80, due to the library's typewriter-rental fees of ten cents per half-hr.[30]

A chance run across in a Los Angeles bookstore with the British expatriate author Christopher Isherwood gave Bradbury the opportunity to put The Martian Chronicles into the hands of a respected critic. Isherwood's glowing review followed.[31]

Writing [edit]

Bradbury attributed his lifelong habit of writing every solar day to two incidents. The first of these, occurring when he was iii years old, was his female parent'south taking him to see Lon Chaney in the 1923 silent film The Hunchback of Notre Dame.[32] The second incident occurred in 1932, when a carnival entertainer, one Mr. Electrico, touched the young man on the nose with an electrified sword, made his hair stand on end, and shouted, "Alive forever!"[33] Bradbury remarked, "I felt that something strange and wonderful had happened to me because of my encounter with Mr. Electrico ... [he] gave me a future ... I began to write, full-time. I have written every single day of my life since that 24-hour interval 69 years ago."[33] At that age, Bradbury starting time started to practise magic, which was his starting time great love. If he had not discovered writing, he would have become a sorcerer.[34]

Bradbury claimed a wide variety of influences, and described discussions he might accept with his favorite poets and writers Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, John Steinbeck, Aldous Huxley, and Thomas Wolfe. From Steinbeck, he said he learned "how to write objectively and yet insert all of the insights without too much actress comment". He studied Eudora Welty for her "remarkable power to give you lot temper, grapheme, and motility in a single line". Bradbury's favorite writers growing upward included Katherine Anne Porter, Edith Wharton, and Jessamyn W.[35]

Bradbury was once described as a "Midwest surrealist" and is often labeled a science-fiction writer, which he described as "the art of the possible." Bradbury resisted that categorization, all the same:[36] [37]

First of all, I don't write science fiction. I've but done one scientific discipline fiction book and that'southward Fahrenheit 451, based on reality. Scientific discipline fiction is a delineation of the real. Fantasy is a delineation of the unreal. So Martian Chronicles is non scientific discipline fiction, it'due south fantasy. It couldn't happen, you lot meet? That's the reason it's going to be around a long time—considering it'southward a Greek myth, and myths take staying power.[38]

Bradbury recounted when he came into his own as a writer, the afternoon he wrote a brusk story almost his outset encounter with decease. When he was a boy, he met a young girl at a lake edge and she went out into the water and never came dorsum. Years later, as he wrote about it, tears flowed from him. He recognized he had taken the leap from emulating the many writers he admired to connecting with his vocalisation as a writer.[39]

When later on asked well-nigh the lyrical power of his prose, Bradbury replied, "From reading and so much poesy every day of my life. My favorite writers take been those who've said things well." He is quoted, "If you lot're reluctant to weep, yous won't alive a full and complete life."[xl]

In high schoolhouse, Bradbury was active in both the poesy gild and the drama club, standing plans to go an actor, but becoming serious about his writing equally his high school years progressed. Bradbury graduated from Los Angeles High Schoolhouse, where he took poetry classes with Snow Longley Housh, and short-story writing courses taught by Jeannet Johnson.[41] The teachers recognized his talent and furthered his involvement in writing,[42] only he did not attend higher. Instead, he sold newspapers at the corner of South Norton Artery and Olympic Boulevard. In regard to his education, Bradbury said:

Libraries raised me. I don't believe in colleges and universities. I believe in libraries because most students don't have any coin. When I graduated from high school, it was during the Low and we had no coin. I couldn't go to college, so I went to the library three days a week for 10 years.[43] [44]

He told The Paris Review, "You lot tin can't learn to write in higher. It'southward a very bad place for writers because the teachers e'er remember they know more you do – and they don't."[45]

Bradbury described his inspiration equally, "My stories run up and bite me in the leg—I reply by writing them down—everything that goes on during the seize with teeth. When I finish, the thought lets go and runs off".[46]

"Light-green Town" [edit]

A reinvention of Waukegan, Green Boondocks is a symbol of safety and home, which is often juxtaposed as a contrasting backdrop to tales of fantasy or menace. It serves every bit the setting of his semiautobiographical classics Dandelion Wine, Something Wicked This Mode Comes, and Farewell Summertime, equally well as in many of his short stories. In Green Town, Bradbury'south favorite uncle sprouts wings, traveling carnivals muffle supernatural powers, and his grandparents provide room and board to Charles Dickens.[47] Perhaps the most definitive usage of the pseudonym for his hometown, in Summer Morning, Summertime Nighttime, a collection of brusk stories and vignettes exclusively about Green Town, Bradbury returns to the signature locale as a look dorsum at the rapidly disappearing pocket-sized-boondocks earth of the American heartland, which was the foundation of his roots.[48]

Cultural contributions [edit]

Bradbury wrote many short essays on the culture and the arts, attracting the attending of critics in this field, using his fiction to explore and criticize his culture and society. Bradbury observed, for instance, that Fahrenheit 451 touches on the alienation of people by media:

In writing the curt novel Fahrenheit 451 I thought I was describing a world that might evolve in four or v decades. Merely merely a few weeks ago, in Beverly Hills one night, a husband and married woman passed me, walking their dog. I stood staring after them, absolutely stunned. The adult female held in 1 hand a minor cigarette-bundle-sized radio, its antenna quivering. From this sprang tiny copper wires which concluded in a overnice cone plugged into her right ear. In that location she was, oblivious to man and dog, listening to far winds and whispers and soap opera cries, sleep walking, helped up and down curbs by a husband who might just equally well not have been there. This was not fiction.[49]

Bradbury stated that the novel worked as a critique of the later development of political correctness:

How does the story of Fahrenheit 451 stand upwardly in 1994?
R.B.: It works even amend considering we have political correctness now. Political correctness is the existent enemy these days. The black groups want to control our thinking and yous can't say certain things. The homosexual groups don't want you to criticize them. It's thought control and freedom of speech control.[l]

In a 1982 essay, he wrote, "People enquire me to predict the Future, when all I desire to exercise is prevent it". This intent had been expressed earlier by other authors,[51] who sometimes attributed it to him.

On May 24, 1956, Bradbury appeared on television in Hollywood on the pop quiz show You Bet Your Life hosted by Groucho Marx. During his introductory comments and on-air banter with Marx, Bradbury briefly discussed some of his books and other works, including giving an overview of "The Veldt", his brusque story published six years earlier in The Saturday Evening Post under the title "The World the Children Fabricated".[52]

Bradbury was a consultant for the American Pavilion at the 1964 New York Earth's Fair and wrote the narration script for The American Journeying attraction housed there.[53] [54] He likewise worked on the original exhibit housed in Epcot's Spaceship Globe geosphere at Walt Disney World.[55] [56] [57] Bradbury full-bodied on detective fiction in the 1980s.[58] In the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s, he likewise hosted The Ray Bradbury Theater, a televised album serial based on his curt stories.

Bradbury was a strong supporter of public library systems, raising money to forbid the closure of several libraries in California facing budgetary cuts. He said "libraries raised me", and shunned colleges and universities, comparison his own lack of funds during the Low with poor contemporary students.[59] His opinion varied on modern technology. In 1985 Bradbury wrote, "I see zilch but proficient coming from computers. When they first appeared on the scene, people were saying, 'Oh my God, I'thousand then agape.' I hate people like that – I call them the neo-Luddites", and "In a sense, [computers] are just books. Books are all over the place, and computers will be, also".[60] He resisted the conversion of his work into eastward-books, proverb in 2010, "Nosotros have too many cellphones. We've got besides many internets. We have got to go rid of those machines. Nosotros have too many machines now".[61] When the publishing rights for Fahrenheit 451 came up for renewal in Dec 2011, Bradbury permitted its publication in electronic class provided that the publisher, Simon & Schuster, allowed the due east-book to be digitally downloaded by any library patron. The championship remains the only volume in the Simon & Schuster catalog where this is possible.[62]

Several comic-book writers have adapted Bradbury'southward stories. Particularly noted among these were EC Comics' line of horror and science-fiction comics. Initially, the writers plagiarized his stories, but a diplomatic letter from Bradbury about it led to the visitor paying him and negotiating properly licensed adaptations of his work. The comics featuring Bradbury's stories included Tales from the Crypt, Weird Scientific discipline, Weird Fantasy, Criminal offence Suspenstories, and Haunt of Fear.[63]

Bradbury remained an enthusiastic playwright all his life, leaving a rich theatrical legacy, as well as literary. Bradbury headed the Pandemonium Theatre Company in Los Angeles for many years and had a v-yr relationship with the Fremont Centre Theatre in S Pasadena.[64]

Bradbury is featured prominently in two documentaries related to his classic 1950s–1960s era: Jason V Brock's Charles Beaumont: The Life of Twilight Zone's Magic Man,[65] which details his troubles with Rod Serling, and his friendships with writers Charles Beaumont, George Clayton Johnson, and virtually specially his beloved friend William F. Nolan, too as Brock's The AckerMonster Chronicles!, which delves into the life of onetime Bradbury agent, close friend, mega-fan, and Famous Monsters of Filmland editor Forrest J Ackerman.[ citation needed ]

Bradbury's legacy was historic by the bookstore Fahrenheit 451 Books in Laguna Beach, California, in the 1970s and 1980s. Joseph Nicoletti did some Music-Film Consulting for Ray Bradbury for a while, Nicoletti Lived in Laguna Beach and also did piece of work for Wally Heider and Paramount Pictures' The Godfather 3. The chiliad opening of an annex to the store was attended by Bradbury and his favorite illustrator, Joseph Mugnaini, in the mid-1980s. The shop closed its doors in 1987, but in 1990, another shop with the aforementioned name (with different owners) opened in Carlsbad, California.[66]

In the 1980s and 1990s, Bradbury served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute.[67] [68]

Personal life [edit]

Bradbury in December 2009

Bradbury's wife was Marguerite McClure (January 16, 1922 – November 24, 2003) from 1947 until her decease; they had four daughters:[69] Susan, Ramona, Bettina and Alexandra.[70] Bradbury never obtained a commuter's license, just relied on public transportation or his bicycle.[71] He lived at habitation until he was 27 and married. His wife of 56 years, Maggie, as she was affectionately called, was the simply woman Bradbury ever dated.[22]

He was raised Baptist by his parents, who were themselves infrequent churchgoers. As an adult, Bradbury considered himself a "delicatessen religionist" who resisted categorization of his beliefs and took guidance from both Eastern and Western faiths. He felt that his career was "a God-given thing, and I'm so grateful, so, and so grateful. The best description of my career equally a writer is 'At play in the fields of the Lord.'"[72]

Bradbury was a shut friend of Charles Addams, and Addams illustrated the starting time of Bradbury's stories most the Elliotts, a family that resembled Addams' own Addams Family placed in rural Illinois. Bradbury's first story about them was "Homecoming", published in the 1946 Halloween issue of Mademoiselle, with Addams' illustrations. Addams and he planned a larger collaborative work that would tell the family'south consummate history, but information technology never materialized, and according to a 2001 interview, they went their divide ways.[73] In October 2001, Bradbury published all the Family unit stories he had written in ane book with a connecting narrative, From the Grit Returned, featuring a wraparound Addams cover of the original "Homecoming" illustration.[74]

Another close friend was animator Ray Harryhausen, who was best homo at Bradbury's hymeneals.[75] During a BAFTA 2010 awards tribute in accolade of Ray Harryhausen's 90th birthday, Bradbury spoke of his first meeting Harryhausen at Forrest J Ackerman's house when they were both eighteen years old. Their shared honey for science fiction, Rex Kong, and the Male monarch Vidor-directed pic The Fountainhead, written by Ayn Rand, was the beginning of a lifelong friendship. These early influences inspired the pair to believe in themselves and assert their career choices. After their first meeting, they kept in touch at least once a month, in a friendship that spanned over 70 years.[76]

Belatedly in life, Bradbury retained his dedication and passion despite what he described as the "devastation of illnesses and deaths of many good friends." Among the losses that deeply grieved Bradbury was the death of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, who was an intimate friend for many years. They remained shut friends for nearly three decades later Roddenberry asked him to write for Star Expedition, which Bradbury never did, objecting that he "never had the ability to conform other people's ideas into whatsoever sensible class."[22]

Bradbury suffered a stroke in 1999[77] that left him partially dependent on a wheelchair for mobility.[78] Despite this, he continued to write, and had even written an essay for The New Yorker, about his inspiration for writing, published only a week prior to his death.[79] Bradbury made regular appearances at science-fiction conventions until 2009, when he retired from the excursion.

Ray Bradbury's headstone in May 2012 prior to his expiry

Bradbury chose a burial place at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, with a headstone that reads "Writer of Fahrenheit 451".[lxxx] [81] On February 6, 2015, The New York Times reported that the firm that Bradbury lived and wrote in for 50 years of his life, at 10265 Cheviot Drive in Cheviot Hills, Los Angeles, California, had been demolished by the buyer, architect Thom Mayne.[82]

Expiry [edit]

Bradbury died in Los Angeles, California, on June 5, 2012, at the historic period of 91, later on a lengthy disease.[83] Bradbury's personal library was willed to the Waukegan Public Library, where he had many of his formative reading experiences.[84]

The New York Times called Bradbury "the writer near responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream."[4] The Los Angeles Times credited Bradbury with the ability "to write lyrically and evocatively of lands an imagination away, worlds he anchored in the hither and now with a sense of visual clarity and small-town familiarity".[85] Bradbury's grandson, Danny Karapetian, said Bradbury's works had "influenced and so many artists, writers, teachers, scientists, and information technology's always actually touching and comforting to hear their stories".[70] The Washington Mail service noted several modern day technologies that Bradbury had envisioned much earlier in his writing, such equally the idea of banking ATMs and earbuds and Bluetooth headsets from Fahrenheit 451, and the concepts of artificial intelligence within I Sing the Trunk Electric.[86]

On June half dozen, 2012, in an official public statement from the White Firm Press Office, President Barack Obama said:

For many Americans, the news of Ray Bradbury's decease immediately brought to mind images from his work, imprinted in our minds, often from a young age. His souvenir for storytelling reshaped our culture and expanded our world. But Ray also understood that our imaginations could be used as a tool for better agreement, a vehicle for change, and an expression of our nigh cherished values. There is no doubt that Ray will go along to inspire many more generations with his writing, and our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends.[87]

Numerous Bradbury fans paid tribute to the writer, noting the influence of his works on their own careers and creations.[88] [89] Filmmaker Steven Spielberg stated that Bradbury was "[his] muse for the better part of [his] sci-fi career .... On the earth of scientific discipline fiction and fantasy and imagination he is immortal".[90] Author Neil Gaiman felt that "the mural of the world we alive in would take been diminished if we had not had him in our world".[89] Author Stephen King released a statement on his website maxim, "Ray Bradbury wrote 3 peachy novels and 3 hundred neat stories. One of the latter was chosen 'A Audio of Thunder'. The sound I hear today is the thunder of a giant'due south footsteps fading abroad. But the novels and stories remain, in all their resonance and strange beauty."[91]

Bibliography [edit]

Bradbury authored "more than than 27 novels and story collections", which included many of his 600 short stories.[85] More than eight million copies of his works, published in over 36 languages, have been sold effectually the world.[4]

Bradbury's "The Golden Apples of the Lord's day" was published in the November 1953 issue of Planet Stories.

First novel [edit]

In 1949, Bradbury and his wife were expecting their offset child. He took a Greyhound bus to New York and checked into a room at the YMCA for 50 cents a night. He took his short stories to a dozen publishers, but no one wanted them. Just before getting set to get abode, Bradbury had dinner with an editor at Doubleday. When Bradbury recounted that everyone wanted a novel and he did non take i, the editor, coincidentally named Walter Bradbury, asked if the short stories might be tied together into a volume-length collection. The championship was the editor'south idea; he suggested, "You could telephone call it The Martian Chronicles." Bradbury liked the idea and recalled making notes in 1944 to do a volume attack Mars. That evening, he stayed up all night at the YMCA and typed out an outline. He took it to the Doubleday editor the next morning, who read it and wrote Bradbury a check for $750. When Bradbury returned to Los Angeles, he connected all the curt stories that became The Martian Chronicles. [35]

Intended first novel [edit]

What was afterward issued as a drove of stories and vignettes, Summer Morning, Summer Night, started out to exist Bradbury's showtime truthful novel. The core of the work was Bradbury's witnessing of the American small-scale-boondocks life in the American heartland.[ citation needed ]

In the winter of 1955–56, afterwards a consultation with his Doubleday editor, Bradbury deferred publication of a novel based on Green Boondocks, the pseudonym for his hometown. Instead, he extracted 17 stories and, with three other Green Town tales, bridged them into his 1957 book Dandelion Wine. Later, in 2006, Bradbury published the original novel remaining afterwards the extraction, and retitled it Goodbye Summer. These two titles bear witness what stories and episodes Bradbury decided to retain as he created the two books out of one.[ citation needed ]

The virtually meaning of the remaining unpublished stories, scenes, and fragments were published under the originally intended name for the novel, Summertime Morning, Summer Night, in 2007.[92]

Adaptations to other media [edit]

From 1950 to 1954, 31 of Bradbury's stories were adapted by Al Feldstein for EC Comics (vii of them uncredited in half-dozen stories, including "Kaleidoscope" and "Rocket Man" being combined as "Home To Stay"—for which Bradbury was retroactively paid—and EC'due south first version of "The Handler" under the championship "A Strange Undertaking") and 16 of these were collected in the paperbacks, The Autumn People (1965) and Tomorrow Midnight (1966), both published by Ballantine Books with embrace illustrations by Frank Frazetta. Besides in the early on 1950s, adaptations of Bradbury's stories were televised in several album shows, including Tales of Tomorrow, Lights Out, Out There, Suspense, CBS Idiot box Workshop, Jane Wyman'south Fireside Theatre, Star Tonight, Windows and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. "The Merry-Go-Circular", a half-hour moving picture accommodation of Bradbury's "The Black Ferris", praised by Variety, was shown on Starlight Summer Theater in 1954 and NBC's Sneak Preview in 1956. During that same period, several stories were adapted for radio drama, notably on the science fiction anthologies Dimension X and its successor X Minus Ane.

Producer William Alland first brought Bradbury to motion-picture show theaters in 1953 with It Came from Outer Space, a Harry Essex screenplay developed from Bradbury's screen treatment "Atomic Monster". Three weeks later came the release of Eugène Lourié'due south The Animal from 20,000 Fathoms (1953), which featured i scene based on Bradbury'southward "The Fog Horn", virtually a sea monster mistaking the sound of a fog horn for the mating weep of a female. Bradbury's close friend Ray Harryhausen produced the stop-motility blitheness of the fauna. Bradbury later returned the favor past writing a short story, "Tyrannosaurus Rex", about a cease-motion animator who strongly resembled Harryhausen. Over the next fifty years, more than than 35 features, shorts, and Tv set movies were based on Bradbury's stories or screenplays. Bradbury was hired in 1953 by managing director John Huston to work on the screenplay for his pic version of Melville's Moby Dick (1956), which stars Gregory Peck as Captain Ahab, Richard Basehart as Ishmael, and Orson Welles every bit Father Mapple. A significant result of the motion picture was Bradbury's volume Greenish Shadows, White Whale, a semifictionalized account of the making of the film, including Bradbury'south dealings with Huston and his time in Ireland, where exterior scenes that were set up in New Bedford, Massachusetts, were filmed.

Bradbury'due south short story I Sing the Torso Electric (from the book of the same name) was adapted for the 100th episode of The Twilight Zone. The episode was get-go aired on May 18, 1962.

Bradbury and director Charles Rome Smith co-founded the Pandemonium Theatre Company in 1964. Its starting time production was The World of Ray Bradbury, consisting of one-act adaptations of "The Pedestrian", "The Veldt", and "To the Chicago Abyss". Information technology ran for four months at the Coronet Theatre in Los Angeles (October 1964 – February 1965); an off-Broadway production was presented in October 1965. Another Pandemonium Theatre Company production was mounted at the Coronet Theatre in 1965, again presenting adaptations of three Bradbury short stories: "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit," "The Twenty-four hour period Information technology Rained Forever," and "Device Out of Fourth dimension." (The last was adapted from his 1957 novel Dandelion Wine). The original cast for this production featured Booth Coleman, Joby Baker, Fredric Villani, Arnold Lessing, Eddie Sallia, Keith Taylor, Richard Bull, Gene Otis Shane, Henry T. Delgado, F. Murray Abraham, Anne Loos, and Len Bottom. The director, again, was Charles Rome Smith.

Oskar Werner and Julie Christie starred in Fahrenheit 451 (1966), an accommodation of Bradbury's novel directed past François Truffaut.

In 1966, Bradbury helped Lynn Garrison create AVIAN, a specialist aviation magazine. For the first effect, Bradbury wrote a poem, "Planes That State on Grass".

In 1969, The Illustrated Homo was brought to the large screen, starring Rod Steiger, Claire Flower, and Robert Drivas. Containing the prologue and 3 short stories from the book, the film received mediocre reviews. The same twelvemonth, Bradbury approached composer Jerry Goldsmith, who had worked with Bradbury in dramatic radio of the 1950s and afterwards scored the moving picture version, to compose a cantata Christus Apollo based on Bradbury's text.[93] The work premiered in late 1969, with the California Chamber Symphony performing with narrator Charlton Heston at UCLA.

In 1972, The Screaming Woman was adapted as an ABC Moving-picture show-of-the-Week starring Olivia de Havilland.

The Martian Chronicles became a iii-office Boob tube miniseries starring Rock Hudson, which was first broadcast by NBC in 1980. Bradbury establish the miniseries "only boring".[96]

The 1982 tv movie The Electric Grandmother was based on Bradbury'due south curt story "I Sing the Body Electric".

The 1983 horror motion picture Something Wicked This Way Comes, starring Jason Robards and Jonathan Pryce, is based on the Bradbury novel of the same name.

In 1984, Michael McDonough of Brigham Young Academy produced "Bradbury 13", a serial of 13 audio adaptations of famous stories from Bradbury, in conjunction with National Public Radio. The full-cast dramatizations featured adaptations of "The Ravine", "Night Telephone call, Collect", "The Veldt", "There Was an Old Woman", "Kaleidoscope", "Nighttime They Were, and Golden-Eyed", "The Screaming Adult female", "A Sound of Thunder", "The Man", "The Air current", "The Fox and the Woods", "Here At that place Be Tygers", and "The Happiness Machine". Voiceover role player Paul Frees provided narration, while Bradbury was responsible for the opening voiceover; Greg Hansen and Roger Hoffman scored the episodes. The series won a Peabody Honour and two Gold Cindy awards and was released on CD on May 1, 2010. The series began airing on BBC Radio four Extra on June 12, 2011.

From 1985 to 1992, Bradbury hosted a syndicated anthology tv set series, The Ray Bradbury Theater, for which he adapted 65 of his stories. Each episode began with a shot of Bradbury in his part, gazing over mementoes of his life, which he states (in narrative) are used to spark ideas for stories. During the first two seasons, Bradbury likewise provided additional voiceover narration specific to the featured story and appeared on screen.

Deeply respected in the USSR, Bradbury's fiction has been adapted into five episodes of the Soviet science-fiction Goggle box series This Fantastic World which adjusted the stories picture show version of "I Sing The Body Electrical", Fahrenheit 451, "A Piece of Wood", "To the Chicago Abyss", and "Forever and the World".[97] In 1984 a cartoon accommodation of There Will Come Soft Rains («Будет ласковый дождь») came out by Uzbek manager Nazim Tyuhladziev.[98] He made a film adaptation of The Veldt in 1987.[99] In 1989, a drawing adaptation of "Here There Exist Tygers" («Здесь могут водиться тигры») by manager Vladimir Samsonov came out.[100]

Bradbury wrote and narrated the 1993 blithe tv set version of The Halloween Tree, based on his 1972 novel.

The 1998 film The Wonderful Ice Foam Adapt, released past Touchstone Pictures, was written past Bradbury. Information technology was based on his story "The Magic White Suit" originally published in The Sabbatum Evening Post in 1957. The story had also previously been adjusted as a play, a musical, and a 1958 television version.

In 2002, Bradbury's own Pandemonium Theatre Visitor production of Fahrenheit 451 at Burbank's Falcon Theatre combined live acting with projected digital blitheness by the Pixel Pups.[101] In 1984, Telarium released a game for Commodore 64 based on Fahrenheit 451.[102]

In 2005, the motion-picture show A Sound of Thunder was released, loosely based upon the short story of the aforementioned proper noun. The moving picture The Butterfly Effect revolves effectually the aforementioned theory as A Audio of Thunder and contains many references to its inspiration. Brusque picture show adaptations of A Slice of Forest and The Small Assassin were released in 2005 and 2007, respectively.

In 2005, information technology was reported that Bradbury was upset with filmmaker Michael Moore for using the championship Fahrenheit ix/xi, which is an allusion to Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, for his documentary near the George Due west. Bush administration. Bradbury expressed displeasure with Moore's utilise of the championship, but stated that his resentment was not politically motivated, though Bradbury was conservative-leaning politically.[103] Bradbury asserted that he did not desire any of the money made by the movie, nor did he believe that he deserved information technology. He pressured Moore to change the name, but to no avail. Moore chosen Bradbury two weeks before the film'southward release to apologize, saying that the film's marketing had been prepare in move a long fourth dimension ago and it was as well tardily to change the championship.[104]

In 2008, the film Ray Bradbury'southward Chrysalis was produced by Roger Lay Jr. for Urban Archipelago Films, based upon the brusk story of the same name. The pic won the all-time feature award at the International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival in Phoenix. The film has international distribution by Arsenal Pictures and domestic distribution past Lightning Entertainment.

In 2010, The Martian Chronicles was adjusted for radio by Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air.

Bradbury'due south works and approach to writing are documented in Terry Sanders' film Ray Bradbury: Story of a Author (1963).

Bradbury's poem "Groon" was voiced equally a tribute in 2012.[105]

Awards and honors [edit]

The Ray Bradbury Laurels for excellency in screenwriting was occasionally presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America – presented to six people on 4 occasions from 1992 to 2009.[106] Get-go 2010, the Ray Bradbury Laurels for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation is presented annually according to Nebula Awards rules and procedures, although it is non a Nebula Award.[107] The revamped Bradbury Award replaced the Nebula Award for Best Script.

  • In 1971, an bear upon crater on the Moon was named Dandelion Crater by the Apollo 15 astronauts, in accolade of Bradbury's novel Dandelion Wine.[108]
  • In 1979, he was awarded an honorary Doc of Messages (Litt.D.) degree from Whittier College.[109]
  • In 1984, he received the Prometheus Award for Fahrenheit 451.
  • In 1986, Ray Bradbury was a Guest of Honor at the 44th Earth Science Fiction Convention, which was held in Atlanta, Ga., from Baronial 28 to September 1.[110]
  • Ray Bradbury Park was dedicated in Waukegan, Illinois, in 1990. He was present for the ribbon-cutting ceremony. The park contains locations described in Dandelion Wine, near notably the "113 steps". In 2009, a console designed by creative person Michael Pavelich was added to the park detailing the history of Ray Bradbury and Ray Bradbury Park.[111]
  • An asteroid discovered in 1992 was named "9766 Bradbury"[112] in his honour.
  • In 1994, he received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Laurels, presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust.
  • In 1994, he won an Emmy Award for the screenplay The Halloween Tree.
  • In 2000, he was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation.[113]
  • For his contribution to the motion-picture show industry, Bradbury was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April ane, 2002.[114]
  • In 2003, he received an honorary doctorate from Woodbury University, where he presented the Ray Bradbury Creativity Honor each year until his death.[115]
  • On November 17, 2004, Bradbury received the National Medal of Arts, presented by President George W. Bush and Laura Bush.[116]
  • Bradbury received a World Fantasy Award for Life Accomplishment at the 1977 Earth Fantasy Convention and was named Gandalf K Primary of Fantasy at the 1980 Earth Science Fiction Convention.[117] In 1989 the Horror Writers Association gave him the quaternary or fifth Bram Stoker Accolade for Lifetime Achievement in horror fiction[118] and the Science Fiction Writers of America made him its 10th SFWA Grand Principal.[119] He won a Outset Fandom Hall of Fame Laurels in 1996[120] and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 1999, its 4th course of 2 deceased and 2 living writers.[121]
  • In 2005, he was awarded the degree of Medico of Laws (honoris causa) by the National University of Ireland, Galway, at a conferring ceremony in Los Angeles.
  • On April xiv, 2007, Bradbury received the Sir Arthur Clarke Award's Special Award, given by Clarke to a recipient of his selection.
  • On Apr xvi, 2007, Bradbury received a special citation by the Pulitzer Prize jury "for his distinguished, prolific, and deeply influential career as an unmatched author of scientific discipline fiction and fantasy."[122]
  • In 2007, Bradbury was made a Commandeur (Commander) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of the Arts and Messages) by the French government.[123]
  • In 2008, he was named SFPA Grandmaster.[124]
  • On May 17, 2008, Bradbury received the inaugural J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Accomplishment Award in Science Fiction, presented past the UCR Libraries at the 2008 Eaton Science Fiction Conference, "Chronicling Mars".[125]
  • On November 19, 2008, Bradbury was presented with the Illinois Literary Heritage Award past the Illinois Center for the Book.
  • In 2009, Bradbury was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Columbia College Chicago.[126]
  • In 2010, Spike TV Scream Awards Comic-Con Icon Award went to Bradbury
  • In 2012, the NASA Marvel rover landing site ( 4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E  /  4.5895°S 137.4417°Eastward  / -four.5895; 137.4417 )[127] [128] on the planet Mars was named "Bradbury Landing".[129] [130]
  • On Dec 6, 2012, the Los Angeles street corner at fifth and Flower Streets was named "Ray Bradbury Square" in his honor.[131]
  • On February 24, 2013, Bradbury was honored at the 85th Academy Awards during that consequence'south "In Memoriam" segment.[132]

Documentaries [edit]

Bradbury appeared in the documentary The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal (1985), produced and directed by Arnold Leibovit.[133]

References [edit]

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Sources [edit]

  • Anderson, James Arthur (2013). The Illustrated Ray Bradbury. Wildside Printing. ISBN978-i-4794-0007-2.
  • Albright, Donn (1990). Bradbury Bits & Pieces: The Ray Bradbury Bibliography, 1974–88. Starmont House. ISBN978-ane-55742-151-seven.
  • Eller, Jonathan R.; Touponce, William F. (2004). Ray Bradbury: The Life of Fiction. Kent State University Printing. ISBN978-0-87338-779-8.
  • Eller, Jonathan R. (2011). Condign Ray Bradbury. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN978-0-252-03629-three.
  • Nolan, William F. (1975). The Ray Bradbury Companion: A Life and Career History, Photolog, and Comprehensive Checklist of Writings. Gale Research. ISBN978-0-8103-0930-two.
  • Paradowski, Robert J.; Rhynes, Martha E. (2001). Ray Bradbury. Salem Press.
  • Reid, Robin Anne (2000). Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-30901-four.
  • Tuck, Donald H. (1974). The Encyclopedia of Scientific discipline Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. pp. 61–63. ISBN978-0-911682-20-5.
  • Weist, Jerry (2002). Bradbury, an Illustrated Life: A Journeying to Far Metaphor. William Morrow and Visitor. ISBN978-0-06-001182-6.
  • Weller, Sam (2005). The Bradbury Chronicles: The Life of Ray Bradbury. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-054581-ix.

External links [edit]

murphydivictlerner.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury

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